National identity becomes nationalist ideology only through emotionally charged crafting against others.

Evidence

Before examining the relationship between Islam and nationalism in the Iranian context, a brief explanation of my use of these terms is in order. Following Anthony Smith (2010), I use the term “nationalism” to refer to a political ideology that seeks to unite and mobilize a people, usually within the bounds of a contiguous territory or an internationally recognized state, in their pursuit of sovereignty, selfdetermination, and perceived collective interests. As such, nationalism can be distinguished from the related concept of “national identity,” which is based on a people’s real or imagined historical experiences, cultural traditions, collective memories, and shared values. … The cultural strands that make up a people’s national identity tend to be diffuse and politically dormant. To be turned into nationalist ideologies, they need to be stirred up, emotionally charged, and crafted in ways that could foster group loyalty and a proclivity toward political action. This is often achieved by identifying or creating near and distant “others” who can be blamed for not abiding by the nation’s cherished values, challenging its interests, or, in the extreme, threatening its security and survival. — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized, 1655

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clean operational distinction between nationalism (mobilizing ideology) and national identity (dormant cultural strands) with a concrete trigger mechanism.
• XREF: The dormant-vs-mobilized national identity frame is highly compatible with the religion-as-racial-surrogate hypothesis the reader is testing, as it shows how symbolic resources get charged for political ends. — connects to: Nationalism is an ideology while national identity is a shared cultural base — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized:…, 1655; National identity requires crafted enemies to become activist ideology — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized:…, 1656; Extreme nationalism sacralizes the nation and justifies enslaving others — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2440 (+5 more)

Broader Connections

• National identity requires crafted enemies to become activist ideology #corroborates (0.95) — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized, 1656
• National identification breeds xenophobia only when framed comparatively against other nations #corroborates (0.90) — , Rudman, Laurie A - On the Nature of…, 447
• Collective identity politicizes only when a confrontation is widened into a society-wide power struggle #corroborates (0.82)
• A new nationalism rechanneled existing race feelings onto immigrant targets #exemplifies (0.80) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1012
• When one manufactured enemy faded, nationalism simply found a new target form #corroborates (0.78) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1398
• Identity defense readily slides into nationalism and racism over power to define #corroborates (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 124
• Extreme nationalism sacralizes the nation and justifies enslaving others #expands (0.72) — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2440