Muslim housing discrimination operates independently of race and class in Philadelphia

Evidence

A recent study on housing conducted in Philadelphia that focuses on Muslims specifically, shows that Muslims face more housing discrimination than any other group in the city, and Black Muslims are doubly subordinated compared to their non-Muslim Black counterparts. … Both black and nonblack Muslims are significantly more likely than their non-Muslim counterparts, respectively, to live in neighborhoods with lower shares of whites, greater representations of blacks, higher levels of poverty, and lower median income, and they are less likely to be in suburbs. Our multivariate analyses show that among blacks and nonblacks, significant Muslim-non-Muslim differences persist in the neighborhood percentages white and black; among blacks, Muslims and non-Muslims differ significantly in access to suburbs. However, the Muslim-non- Muslim disparities in neighborhood poverty and median income are not significant. To reiterate: Both Black and nonblack Muslims in Philadelphia face the high levels of housing discrimination cutting against the common perception that immigrant Muslims are all middle-class professionals 315. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 484

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s immigration-fragmentation thread: the study’s finding that immigrant Muslims are not uniformly middle-class professionals complicates the ‘seventy-five immigrant pathways’ picture with a class dimension. — connects to: Housing discrimination affects both Black and nonblack Muslims more than any other Philadelphia group — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 484; Muslims in the United States endure discrimination in their everyday lives — Evelyn Alsultany, Antisemitism and Islamophobia The…, 32; Anti-Muslim discrimination can target ideology and affiliation rather than phenotype (+8 more)
• SEED: Mirrors the earlier ch70 claim that spatial racecraft templates against Blacks now target Muslims — this Philadelphia data quantifies the residential-segregation overlay.

Broader Connections

• Muslims in the United States endure discrimination in their everyday lives #expands (0.80) — Evelyn Alsultany, Antisemitism and Islamophobia The…, 32
• Anti-Muslim discrimination can target ideology and affiliation rather than phenotype #corroborates (0.80)
• Muslim men can be racialized by ethnicity alone, not only by disclosed religion #corroborates (0.78)
• Muslims get racialized via projected religious ancestry regardless of self-understanding #expands (0.75) — Mareike Riedel, Islamophobia, Racial Discrimination…, 64
• Anti-Muslim racism operates through a distinct racial logic #corroborates (0.75) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 77
• Muslims are racialized as a social group rather than a religious one #qualifies (0.72)
• Muslims can evade racialization by concealing religious difference #qualifies (0.72)
• Housing profiles differ sharply between Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslims #expands (0.72) — Runnymede Trust (ed. Farah Elahi & Omar Khan), Islamophobia, 251
• Muslim names alone can racialize phenotypically white people #corroborates (0.72) — , Selod, Saher - Forever Suspect_…, 91
• Muslims were racialized through cultural signifiers rather than phenotype alone #corroborates (0.70) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 106