Modern historical processes like industrialization and nation-state dominance stabilized collective identities

Evidence

These collective social identities were formed in, and stabilized by, the huge, long-range historical processes which have produced the modern world, just as the theories and conceptualizations that I just referred to very briefly are what constituted modernity as a form of self-reflection. They were staged and stabilized by industrialization, by capitalism, urbanization, the formation of the world market, the social and the sexual division of labor, the great punctuation of civil and social life into the public and the private, the dominance of the nation-state, and the identification between Westernization and the notion of modernity itself. — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 189

Categorization

• XREF: The material mechanisms listed here (capitalism, the nation-state, Westernization) are exactly the structures later Islamophobia scholarship uses to explain how colonial racial categories were institutionalized.