Modern classification of cultures secularized earlier religious structures

Evidence

The turn toward secularization and modernization was spurred on by the spread of capitalism and the encroachment of colonialism on various Muslim empires. In fact, it was only during the era of capitalist development that Islam finally ceased to play a central role in social organization. In response to the loss of their territories to European colonial powers, the Muslim rulers of the Ottoman, Egyptian, and Persian Empires introduced programs of modernization, capitalistic reforms, and Westernization. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298 (#exemplifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Mode of production can assign dominance to politics or religion in different epochs; Secularization transferred religious aura to art and literature.; Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298 (+16 more)

Related

• Capitalism emerged ideologically through intensified spiritualization rather than secularization (similarity 0.92)
• Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization (similarity 0.92)
• Colonialist reform of Islam meant secularising a presumed dying religion (similarity 0.83)
• Modernizing reforms created the secular middle class that displaced the ulama (similarity 0.83)
• Ataturk’s secularization was a class struggle against the old Islamic ruling order (similarity 0.82)
• European empires colonized Muslim states through loans as well as invasion. (similarity 0.81)
• Muhammad Ali’s secular schools created a new colonial intellectual class (similarity 0.80)
• Early Islamic revivalism was a middle-class response to colonial threat (similarity 0.80)
• Secularism serves as cover for imperial interest in marking Muslims pre-modern (similarity 0.80)
• Secularization transferred religious aura to art and literature. (similarity 0.79)
• Islam has varied regionally and adapted to historical transformations. (similarity 0.79)
• Colonial ‘reforming Islam’ meant forcibly secularising it (similarity 0.79)
• Islamization flowed from the cultural realm into social and political spheres. (similarity 0.79)
• Political Islam parallels other modern fundamentalisms rather than stemming from Islam’s essence (similarity 0.79)
• The religion-secularism divide is a modern Protestant construction (similarity 0.78)

Broader Connections

• Secularization transferred religious aura to art and literature. #exemplifies (0.60)
• Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization #exemplifies (0.55) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298
• Mode of production can assign dominance to politics or religion in different epochs #expands (0.45)