Capitalism emerged ideologically through intensified spiritualization rather than secularization

Evidence

The turn toward secularization and modernization was spurred on by the spread of capitalism and the encroachment of colonialism on various Muslim empires. In fact, it was only during the era of capitalist development that Islam finally ceased to play a central role in social organization. In response to the loss of their territories to European colonial powers, the Muslim rulers of the Ottoman, Egyptian, and Persian Empires introduced programs of modernization, capitalistic reforms, and Westernization. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298 (#contradicts, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Reforms divide into secular, religion-conforming, and religion-opposed species — Ambedkar, B R, Annihilation of Caste_ The Annotated…, 955; Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298; Mode of production can assign dominance to politics or religion in different epochs (+8 more)

Related

• Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization (similarity 0.94)
• Modern classification of cultures secularized earlier religious structures (similarity 0.92)
• Colonialist reform of Islam meant secularising a presumed dying religion (similarity 0.84)
• Modernizing reforms created the secular middle class that displaced the ulama (similarity 0.83)
• European empires colonized Muslim states through loans as well as invasion. (similarity 0.82)
• Colonial ‘reforming Islam’ meant forcibly secularising it (similarity 0.81)
• Political Islam is a modern urban phenomenon born of capitalist crisis, not medieval revival (similarity 0.81)
• Capitalist imperialism’s denial of equality to colonized peoples produced Muslim racialization (similarity 0.80)
• Early Islamic revivalism was a middle-class response to colonial threat (similarity 0.80)
• Capitalism capped the reach of Enlightenment emancipation through racialized colonial rule (similarity 0.80)
• The racialization of Muslims was anchored in Enlightenment-era colonial ideologies (similarity 0.80)
• Muhammad Ali’s secular schools created a new colonial intellectual class (similarity 0.80)
• Entrepreneurship correlates with conversion away from traditional religion (similarity 0.79)
• Economic transition to capitalist imperialism produced Muslims as a racial category (similarity 0.79)
• Ataturk’s secularization was a class struggle against the old Islamic ruling order (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• Capitalism and colonialism drove Muslim empires toward secularization #contradicts (0.60) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 298
• Mode of production can assign dominance to politics or religion in different epochs #expands (0.55)
• Secularization transferred religious aura to art and literature. #contradicts (0.50)