Jews and Muslims collapsed into one irrational-infidel category as both resisted rational polemic

Evidence

Peter of Cluny contrasted the learned, logical Arabs with the obdurate Jews whose failure to accept Christian reason led him to wonder whether they really could be rational humans, rather than insensate beasts. Increasingly, as Muslims proved as impervious to “rational” polemics as Jews, the two groups were lumped together as stubborn and irrational infidels. — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 1363

Categorization

• XREF: Concrete medieval instance of the conflation of anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim tropes the vault already theorizes abstractly. — connects to: Western commentators frame Muslim leaders as irrational while granting Israelis and Americans rationality — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 331