Counter-Reformation polemic grouped Muslims with atheists and Jews.

Evidence

The mediaeval way of refuting miscellaneous opponents in a single summa was reflected in the Les Trois Veritez contre les Athées, Idoldtres, Tuifs, Mahumétans, Hérétiques et Schismatiques (1593), by the humanist and friend of Montaigne, P. Charron (himself accused of atheism when, in another work, he anthologised other men’s opinions). By defending the existence of God and the need for religion separately from the truth of Christianity, and from the truth of the Catholic Church, he implicitly distinguishes different classes of opponents, rather than seeks resem- blances. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 2441

Categorization

• XREF: This grouping of Muslims with atheists and Jews shows a parallel flattening of distinct others into one infidel category — relevant to Aziz/Razack’s claims about how a single constructed enemy class absorbs distinct groups.