Islamophobia operated at multiple political and theological levels for both audiences.

Evidence

For British and American audiences, the menace of Islam existed at a variety of different levels. Politically, socially, religiously, and theologically, Muslims and their religion were seen to threaten in varying degrees and in different ways Britain and America, secularism and Christianity. — Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear, 41

Categorization

• DEFINE: Provides an analytic frame for parsing Islamophobia into political, social, religious, and theological threat registers.
• XREF: connects to: Leibniz’s Islam oscillated between theological foe, barbarian, and natural philosopher; Secularists and Christians alike weaponized Islam as a foil despite opposite agendas. — Peter Gottschalk and Gabriel Greenberg, Common Heritage, Uncommon Fear:…, 30; Islamophobia and Islamophilia share assumptions that produce the same political effects (+11 more)

Broader Connections

• Islamophobia is powered by the overlap of Muslims being both inside and outside #expands (0.60)
• Islamophobia is defined differently by scholars, spanning fear, media violence, racism, gender, and nationalism. #expands (0.60)
• Islamophobia adapts to each society’s own governing concerns #expands (0.60)
• Islamophobia and Islamophilia share assumptions that produce the same political effects #complicates (0.50)
• Gendered Islamophobia intersects feminist, antiracist, and neoconservative agendas simultaneously. #expands (0.50)
• European anti-Semitism and Islamophobia mirror each other in structure. #expands (0.50) — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 465
• Democratic and Republican parties practice different but complementary forms of Islamophobia #exemplifies (0.50) — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 327
• Islamophobia has material and political causes beyond ignorance or xenophobia #expands (0.50) — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 706
• Islamophobia predates organized networks and serves structural functions across the political spectrum #expands (0.40)