Islamophobia’s material harms are constitutive of it rather than merely its effects

Evidence

Zine uses the term “gendered Islamophobia” but then somewhat narrowly defines it as “specific forms of ethnoreligious and racialized discrimination leveled at Muslim women that proceed from historically contextualized negative stereotypes that inform individual and systematic forms of oppression.” 13 Zine points to the impact of Islamophobia “beyond representational politics” as inflicting “epistemic violence,” saying that Islamophobia in her view has “material consequences.” 14 As I will argue below, the “material consequences” are more than consequences of discourses: They are part and parcel of the broad range of phenomena usually called Islamophobia. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 497

Categorization

• DEFINE: (Uncited quotes of Zine)
• QUESTION: Worth pursuing: when does an author collapse discourse and materiality, and what analytical work does that collapse do for relocating fault onto the fearer?
• XREF: connects to: The Runnymede definition conflates Islamophobia’s effects with its core — Erik Bleich, What Is Islamophobia and How Much Is…, 40; the MOC “The Enemy-Making Machine: How Ourselves, the True, and Every Other Are Built from War”