Heterarchical, distributed control can outperform strict hierarchy under changing conditions.

Evidence

A heterarchical system is an organization principle where control is distributed and functional objects act in several organizations, representing different levels in different suborganizations. A strict hierarchy may be very efficient in optimal conditions, but a heterarchy is more versatile, especially if its elements are able to adapt to new roles when needed. … Data are raw material for information, extracted from signals by observation – or by technical means in modern society. Information is a generic term for meaningful data that an intelligent system can utilize. Knowledge is conceptually organized information, and language is the primary means of communicating it – between humans. Intelligent machines are starting to achieve lower levels of knowledge and (natural) language. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 113

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines heterarchy versus hierarchy, and the data-information-knowledge cascade, with language as knowledge’s transmitter.
• XREF: Connects to the reader’s institutions work on decentralized reputation systems and the fact that control can be distributed yet effective. — connects to: Transboundary environmental problems defeat decentralized local control — Richard J. Lazarus, The Making of Environmental Law, 187; Governmental capacity means top-down control, distinct from infrastructural coordination — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 159