Natural and engineered systems organize as vertical control hierarchies

Evidence

Hierarchy: the parts and part-of relations in structures that constitute systems common in nature. A hierarchy in an organization means a level-like control structure where ‘lowerlevel’ units realize detailed activities and ‘higher-level’ units perform more strategic control, the flow of control taking place ‘vertically’ between levels. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 112

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines hierarchy as vertical control flow, with lower units handling detail and higher units strategic control.
• XREF: Connects to the layered signal-processing architecture common in communication systems and to game-theoretic hierarchy in Milgrom.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 112