Heterarchies distribute control for versatility while data become information through observation

Evidence

A heterarchical system is an organization principle where control is distributed and functional objects act in several organizations, representing different levels in different suborganizations. A strict hierarchy may be very efficient in optimal conditions, but a heterarchy is more versatile, especially if its elements are able to adapt to new roles when needed. • Data and information: essential entities used by advanced systems and organizations to enable goal-driven functionalities through communication. Data are raw material for information, extracted from signals by observation – or by technical means in modern society. Information is a generic term for meaningful data that an intelligent system can utilize. Knowledge is conceptually organized information, and language is the primary means of communicating it – between humans. Intelligent machines are starting to achieve lower levels of knowledge and (natural) language. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 113

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines heterarchy, data, information, and knowledge as a nested ladder.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 113