French colonial rule imposed obligations like citizens but denied the rights of citizens

Evidence

France’s entire approach to governing Africans, he concluded bitterly, was to treat them as French citizens each time it was a question of obligations and duties, and to treat them as subjects each time it was a question of rights or privileges. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 502

Categorization

• XREF: Captures the core contradiction of how France (and other republics) applied civic duties without civic rights to colonial subjects — parallels critiques in this book’s thread on the civilizing mission’s internal contradictions. — connects to: The Napoleonic Code ended feudalism and established legal equality for citizens — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 146; the MOC “The Republic’s Impossible Embrace: How Universalism Turned Algeria from the Future of France into Its Undoing”
• SHARE: A crisp encapsulation of colonial hypocrisy worth sending to anyone working on citizenship theory or imperial legal hierarchies.