Formal citizenship fails to shield those perceived as foreign in appearance.

Evidence

As immigration and citizenship scholar Linda Bosniak argues in The Citizen and the Alien, “Formal citizenship status often fails to protect people from exclusion and violence directed at those perceived to be ‘foreign’ in character, habit, or appearance.” And for Muslim Americans, amid the buildup toward a “clash of civilizations” and the war on terror it facilitated, their faith, again, became the very marker of foreignness and menace. — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 237

Categorization

• DEFINE: Bosniak’s formulation is a working definition of how perceived foreignness overrides legal status — a core component of structural Islamophobia.
• XREF: Directly connects to Selod’s surveillance work and the reader’s comparative framework. — connects to: Shared language and culture do not constitute belonging to a nation.; Formal citizenship can mask disparities in substantive citizenship — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 672; Immigrants do not shed their former identity or cultural attachment with their home country despite expectations they develop local identity and belonging. — Who do you think I am? Immigrant’s first name and their perceived identity (+11 more)
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 237

Broader Connections

• Unapproved colonizers must perform legitimacy rather than act at home #qualifies (0.72)
• Muslim Americans hold nominal but reduced substantive citizenship #exemplifies (0.70) — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1344
• National identity rests on an unstable blend of law and likeness #expands (0.60)
• Men are surveilled on name and appearance rather than cultural display #exemplifies (0.60)
• Being treated as a collective denies Muslims the privileges of citizenship. #exemplifies (0.50)
• Lighter skin and Christian identity secured citizenship privileges that darker or Muslim Arabs lacked #corroborates (0.50)
• Language and culture cannot confer national belonging without shared experience #corroborates (0.40) — Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 572