European terror prior to 2004 came mainly from nationalist rather than religious movements
Evidence
Until the Madrid bombings, referred to as “11-M” in Spain, terrorist attacks on European soil had primarily been carried out by individuals and organizations involved in larger national conflicts, including the Irish Republican Army in the United Kingdom and Spain’s Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA). — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 388
Categorization
- XREF: Contrasts the pre-2004 nationalist terror baseline with the religiously-framed attacks that followed, feeding the Western narrative shift toward Islam. — connects to: O.A.S. terrorism accelerated the very European exodus it aimed to prevent — Horne, Alistair, A Savage War of Peace- Algeria 1954-1962, 1614; Political grievances drive terrorism more than religious ideology does — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 284; Ottomans were seen as a political threat rather than a religious one — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76 (+5 more)
Broader Connections
- Ottomans were seen as a political threat rather than a religious one
#corroborates(0.70) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 76 - Clash of civilizations framing located terrorism’s cause within Islam itself
#contradicts(0.70) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 266 - Political grievances drive terrorism more than religious ideology does
#qualifies(0.60) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 284 - Western hostility to Islam shifted from theological to political rationales across the centuries
#expands(0.60) — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 106 - Clash-of-civilizations rhetoric ideologically legitimized both foreign wars and domestic attacks
#contradicts(0.55) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 421 - Islam became the convenient enemy to mobilize Europe’s territorial ambitions
#exemplifies(0.50) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 60