Crusade-era commerce and war created professional interpreters called tarjuman

Evidence

Nevertheless, there was need for communication—in commerce, in war, and in some other matters. From an early date, and especially during the Crusades and after, there are numerous references to interpreters, mostly professional in­ terpreters who came to be known in Arabic as tarjuma¯n. The same word found its way, as I mentioned before, into a variety of western languages. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 154

Categorization

• DEFINE: Etymology of tarjuman/dragoman, the term that titles the whole chapter.