Black drivers are routinely stopped without cause in a pattern whites never experience.

Evidence

Jeff, while driving a car, has never been pulled over by a police officer without there being a plausible reason, such as speeding, and has received a more-or-less justified ticket or warning each time. But every single black acquaintance he has talked to has been pulled over repeatedly, and often given no ticket and no explanation other than “suspicious driving.” One African American academic colleague described being pulled over several times in the course of a few months, never receiving a ticket. This experience is commonly referred to as the “crime” of “driving while black.” — Rebecca A. Martusewicz, Jeff Edmundson, and John Lupinacci, EcoJustice Education, 1255

Categorization

• XREF: Instructor first-person testimony is a craft device for making an abstract pattern concrete for students. — connects to: Routine institutional operations can disadvantage blacks absent any intent. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1865; Racially disparate outcomes persist without any explicit racist intention. — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 424

Broader Connections

• Routine institutional operations can disadvantage blacks absent any intent. #exemplifies (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1865
• Racially disparate outcomes persist without any explicit racist intention. #exemplifies (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 424