Anti-Islamic polemic often rests on secondhand citation of texts authors cannot read.

Evidence

Ibn Warraq spends a good chunk of his first chapter discussing Twenty-Three Years (Bist-o-Seh Sal), a famous book by the prominent Iranian public intellectual Ali Dashti, on the life of Muhammad, noting its radical critique of Islamic doctrine. Yet the basis of his information about Dashti is a secondary source, a book by Daniel Pipes, who himself cannot read the language in which Dashti’s book was written, Persian (or, for that matter, Arabic), on the occasion of the Rushdie affair. — Hamid Dabashi, Brown Skin, White Masks, 475