Ancient peoples held prejudices but lacked race-based ideologies.

Evidence

All in all, ethnic and religious and color prejudice existed in the ancient world. Constructions of races—White Europe, Black Africa, for instance—did not, and therefore racist ideas did not. But crucially, the foundations of race and racist ideas were laid. And so were the foundations for egalitarianism, antiracism, and antislavery laid in Greco-Roman antiquity. … However, these antislavery and egalitarian champions did not accompany Aristotle and St. Paul into the modern era, into the new Harvard curriculum, or into the New England mind seeking to justify slavery and the racial hierarchy it produced. — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 39

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes prejudice (ancient, universal) from racist ideas (modern constructions requiring racial categories) — a core boundary Kendi draws.
• XREF: Connects to Kendi’s central claim that racism (policy) precedes racist ideas; the ancient world had neither race nor racism. — connects to: Hobbes’s prejudice against Native Americans was civilizational rather than racial. — , Stephanie B. Martens - Civilization and…, 71