Conflict with Africans did not produce racial ideology in Rome.

Evidence

Yet despite their less than cordial relations with Africans, the Romans, like their Greek predecessors, did not evolve prejudices of color and race … [S]ocial intercourse did not give rise among the Greeks and Romans to the color prejudice of certain later western societies. The Greeks and Romans developed no doctrines of white superiority unsupported by facts or theoretical justifications for a color bar. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 445

Categorization

• XREF: Connects forward to Robinson’s thesis that racial capitalism and its ideology were modern inventions. — connects to: Empire alone does not automatically generate racial regimes.