America’s racial-penance politics benefited immigrants at African Americans’ expense.

Evidence

In the United States, by contrast, attempts to remedy the effects of centuries of slavery and anti-Black racism have culminated in affirmative action policies and a general ethos of multicultural tolerance from which, Foner and Alba contend, new cohorts of post-1965 immigrants have reaped tremendous benefits, often at the expense of African Americans. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 663

Categorization

• XREF: Contextualizes why Muslim inclusion politics in the US both leverages and alienates the Black solidarity model.