A definable stigma process operates at individual, interpersonal, and structural levels.

Evidence

Stigma is defined as the co-occurrence of labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, and discrimination in a context in which power is exercised. Stigma operates at multiple levels, including the individual, interpersonal (e.g., discrimination, hate crimes), and structural (e.g., community norms, institutional policies). A stigmatized status affects health by undermining or exacerbating several processes—such as stress, the availability of resources, social relationships, and psychological and behavioral responses—that can lead to adverse health outcomes. — Goleen Samari, Islamophobia and Public Health in the…, 26

Categorization

• DEFINE: The 5-part definition (labeling, stereotyping, separation, status loss, discrimination plus power) is the canonical Link-Phelan operationalization worth keeping.
• XREF: Directly extends the argument in ‘Complaints About Immodesty Go Way Back’ — stigma as a cross-level mechanism.

Related

• Islamophobia harms Muslim health at individual, interpersonal, and structural levels (similarity 0.81)
• Islamophobia is a public health risk factor via stigma and discrimination. (similarity 0.80)