Jim Crow

A system of state and local laws, customs, and practices enforcing racial segregation and disenfranchisement of Black Americans in the United States, primarily in the South from the post-Reconstruction era through the mid-20th century. It institutionalized separate and unequal facilities, restricted economic and social opportunities, and was backed by violence and terror, serving as a paradigm of caste-based racial control.

Claims that use this term

• Jim Crow terror produced a protective rationale for beating children
• Caste rules were enforced with violence and seclusion stricter than Jim Crow
• Jim Crow was active intervention while modern segregation is conservative preservation of inherited arrangements
• Middle East oil labor camps imported both indenture and Jim Crow racial controls
• Italian immigrants faced Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws
• Jim Crow era labor discrimination forced black workers into unbenefited sectors