Zambia’s independence movement escalated from passive to active resistance before independence

Evidence

Politics during single-party rule After a relatively peaceful path to sovereignty, Zambia gained independence in 1964 and Kaunda became the first president. The independence movement, led by Kaunda and UNIP, started with passive resistance, but later reverted to active resistance including the burning of bridges and government buildings (Larmer, 2011: 40; Rasmussen, 1974). Although regional divisions existed, no particular ethnic group dominated and UNIP was ‘committed to obtaining total support from the whole country’ (Roberts, 1976: 221). — Johan Brosché and Hanne Fjelde and Kristine Höglund, Electoral violence and the legacy of…, 67

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: African anti-colonial resistance slowly integrated discrete societies into cohesive movements; African resistance movements slowly built the cross-ethnic integration the slave trade had achieved instantly — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 825

Related

• African resistance movements slowly built the cross-ethnic integration the slave trade had achieved instantly (similarity 0.89)
• Zambia’s 1990 transition united leaders across ethnic lines (similarity 0.80)
• Kenneth Kaunda’s Zambia confined ethnic competition by banning rival parties early on (similarity 0.78)

Broader Connections

• African anti-colonial resistance slowly integrated discrete societies into cohesive movements #expands (0.85)
• African resistance movements slowly built the cross-ethnic integration the slave trade had achieved instantly #corroborates (0.75) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 825