World War I nationalism destroyed international worker solidarity and the Second International

Evidence

The Second International succumbed to two forces: nationalism and revolutionary failure. With regard to nationalism, World War I found the majority of the workers of England, Germany, France, and Austro-Hungary willing to go to the battlefields under national leadership in order to fight against each other. International worker solidarity upon which socialism was based disintegrated. The socialist movement had failed to maintain the dichotomy between the interests of workers and the interests of capitalist ruling classes. State nationalism had triumphed as the dominant ideology of the working classes. The pacifist tactics of the socialists had proved to be effective only in those countries that were either noncombatants or those, like the United States, which had been slow to enter the fray. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 981

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s broader interest in the international landscape from which Black radicalism differentiated itself. — connects to: Stalin’s and Hitler’s victories destroyed the interwar revolutionary avant-gardes — Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity, 216; War solidarity inspired a proto-fascist national socialism bridging capital and labor — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 80; Anti-war movements reduced socialism to anti-colonial nationalism — Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, 128 (+1 more)