War on Terror homogenized Muslims the way earlier eras homogenized Native Americans and Africans

Evidence

The Bush administration thrust the “clash of civilizations” paradigm and its pithy vocabulary into the War on Terror machine that it was ready to unleash on the home front and countries far beyond. In the same vein that heterogeneous Native American tribes were flatly reduced to “barbarians” and a rich tapestry of African peoples were consolidated into Black “property,” the War on Terror consolidated Muslims into the “enemy of civilization” and then flattened the extraordinary complexity of Islam into a monolith that inspired “terrorism.” — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 232

Categorization

• XREF: Parallels the aggregate-racialization patterns argued throughout this same book; also connects to Kwame Appiah’s work on racial misrecognition flattening internal difference. — connects to: Tools of racecraft honed on Blacks and Native Americans get retargeted at Muslims — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 41; Anti-Ottoman crusader attitudes were transferred onto Native Americans by English colonists — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 206; The War on Terror racializes all Muslims as a boundless enemy to justify war — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 540 (+3 more)