Violence and economic panic re-enslaved Black Southerners after emancipation

Evidence

Meanwhile, under the cover of this narrative of racial progress, racism was advancing. Fierce resistance to Black economic freedom, civil rights, and political power held countless Black Americans in a second slavery, with few rights and powers. Violence from white terrorist groups like the new Ku Klux Klan and the Red Shirts allowed white supremacists to regain power in the early 1870s, while the Panic of 1873 drove many Black Southerners into debt servitude. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1272

Categorization

• QUESTION: ‘Second slavery’ is a strong contested framing — worth checking whether Foner uses this exact term, since the reader must distinguish the project’s reframing language from historians’ own.