The NAACP adopted federal litigation because every other political avenue was closed.

Evidence

Indeed, President Woodrow Wilson, a southerner by birth, promoted segregation in the civil service. Almost in desperation, black America turned to the federal courts. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909. Almost from the start, the NAACP used, as one of its weapons of choice, litigation in the federal courts. They had, after all, nowhere else to turn. Southern governments, from the statehouse on down, were uniformly hostile. — Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 3899

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: NAACP litigation strategically pursued civil rights through the courts across many issue areas — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 888

Broader Connections

• NAACP litigation strategically pursued civil rights through the courts across many issue areas #expands (0.90) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 888