The Italian Communist Party endured semi-legality with constant suppression in 1923.
Evidence
It was not banned as such, but its leaders, militants and press were subject to constant repression and harassment. April was the low point as far as membership was concerned—with little more than 5,000 in the party. The summer saw a slow build-up to some eight and a half thousand in November. However, in September Togliatti, Tasca, Vota and Gennari—i.e. four of the five members of the new provisional executive—were arrested. — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 150
Categorization
- XREF: Concrete grounding for the repressive context out of which Gramsci’s prison writings emerge — relevant to how colonial/bureaucratic exclusion operates on political organizations in the reader’s broader toolkit.