The heresy view of Islam reached Western Europe via ninth-century dhimmi Christians in Spain

Evidence

The view that Islam was a Christian heresy would eventually take root in the West as well. It began in ninth-century Spain where Christians, like their coreligionists in John’s Syria, had been forced into the role of dhimmis. In this subservient role, they became more familiar with the beliefs and practices of their rulers. — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 133

Categorization

• XREF: The reader asked for the hinge where this framework migrates; this identifies dhimmi status in Spain as the transmission vehicle. — connects to: The heresy view of Islam predated the crusades in John of Damascus’ writings — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 128; Medieval depictions of Islam as heresy served to justify violence and resist conversion — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 139; Muslim Spain exemplified relative interfaith coexistence through convivencia. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 55 (+1 more)