The civil rights movement was built on black-only institutions

Evidence

Think about how important these institutions were to the black freedom struggle of the mid–twentieth century. Charles Hamilton Houston and his cadre of black lawyers at Howard University devised the strategy to litigate Brown v. Board of Education. This could not have happened at Harvard Law School. It was black students at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, not at Duke University or the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who decided to hold a sit-in at a Woolworth counter in Greensboro, and hundreds of other students at historically black colleges and universities across the South joined them and radicalized the civil rights movement. Black churches offered networks of interconnection across communities and states that enabled massive mobilization of people and resources to challenge racial segregation throughout the South. — Eddie S. Glaude Jr., Democracy in Black, 344

Categorization

• XREF: Harvard Law explicitly named as a venue where the Brown strategy could NOT have been devised — parallels the reader’s infrastructure theme of necessary exclusive spaces. — connects to: Anticolonial and civil-rights movements pursued complementary goals against overlapping racial structures — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on…, 98; Black teaching was inherently political and antiracist, making segregated schools sites of revolution — bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education as…, 10; Black institutional separatism aimed at transforming, not escaping, America — Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women’s…, 245