The British Empire and US influence jointly shaped Pakistani state institutions.

Evidence

In Pakistan, for example, this dual British and American imperial formation as a colonial, postcolonial, and neocolonial relationship is apparent in state formation in the arenas of the military, education, and popular culture, to name a few. For example, in the early years of its development, the Pakistani military received substantial training and resources from the British. The U.S. started providing training and resources in the 1950s (Cohen 1998; Rizvi 2000; Siddiqa 2007). — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 924

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to postcolonial state-formation literature (Alavi, Mamdani) on how colonial administrative structures persist through new hegemonies.