Territorial kingship titles were nearly absent in the Islamic world before 1900

Evidence

Titles defining a territorial or national kingdom, commonplace in Europe, were until the twentieth century almost unknown in the Islamic world. A few Turkish rulers in pre-Ottoman Anatolia, no doubt influenced by the usage of the peoples whom they had just conquered, sometimes struck coins or wrote inscriptions with territorial titles. But these are rare and atypical and were of brief duration. In the later medieval and subsequent centuries the petty sover­ eignties and autonomous principalities typical of the Islamic Middle Ages had for the most part disappeared. Most of the Islamic Middle East was divided among a small number of major states, the rulers of which used imperial rather than royal titles. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 533

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Muslims reserved territorially-titled kingship mostly for infidel rulers; Kingship and caliphate differ by lawful rule, not succession method — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting…, 527; Early Islamic tradition sharply distinguished kingship from lawful caliphate — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting…, 527
• yield-rescued: below the book’s yield-target cutoff, included anyway for connecting to: Muslims reserved territorially-titled kingship mostly for infidel rulers; Kingship and caliphate differ by lawful rule, not succession method — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting…, 527; Early Islamic tradition sharply distinguished kingship from lawful caliphate — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting…, 527