Swiss authorities denied stable residence to Jewish emigrants from Germany.

Evidence

Only Horkheimer had an unlimited residency permit, so only he could have a home with all his furniture there. Pollock, Marcuse and I could not do this: we had to keep our libraries and furniture in the transit depository of the Customs Office in Geneva. We remained visitors. We had only tourist visas, and every few weeks or so we had to go across the border to Bellegarde and reenter with a new visa. And there was much more. We often found that Jewish emigrants were scrutinized closely, and in their cases regulations were enforced most strictly. We took this as an indication that fascism would eventually spread to all of Europe. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 534

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader exile history of the Frankfurt School and to how bureaucratic precarity shaped Critical Theory’s institutional base. — connects to: Swiss immigration rules treated Jewish emigrants as mere visitors with tourist visas; Jewish emigrants faced the strictest enforcement of Swiss immigration rules.