State grants of citizenship created Rome’s imperial intellectual bureaucracy

Evidence

The change in the condition of the social position of the intellectuals in Rome between Republican and Imperial times (a change from an aristocratic-corporate to a democratic-bureaucratic regime) is due to Caesar, who granted citizenship to doctors and to masters of liberal arts so that they would be more willing to live in Rome and so that others should be persuaded to come there. … This not only social but national and racial separation between large masses of intellectuals and the dominant class of the Roman Empire is repeated after the fall of the Empire in the division between Germanic warriors and intellectuals of romanised origin, successors of the category of freedmen. — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 300

Categorization

• QUESTION: The racial separation between intellectuals and warrior-rulers anticipating modern divisions of mental versus manual class is worth verifying against Gramsci scholarship.
• XREF: Caesar’s citizenship grants to attract intellectuals prefigure modern state recruitment of skilled labor - relevant to bureaucratic rationality theme.