Stage-by-stage siting analysis can reveal racism when discrete decisions look neutral.

Evidence

Participants were significantly more likely to challenge the Black juror than the White juror, regardless of which profile was specified as a Black man. Furthermore, when asked to explain their decision, participants easily generated race-neutral reasons for the peremptory challenges. In fact, although race was clearly the primary factor influencing their decisions, only 7 percent of participants mentioned race in their response. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 885 (#expands, via linked claim)

The main argument of the first two parts of this article is that racism first produces racial identities and then the appearance of real races through racecraft – neither the identities, nor the races, are fixed or unchanging. … As a result, it is entirely possible to conceive of the creation of Muslims as a racially subordinated group through Islamophobia and the emergence of Islam as a race. … Islam, as a religion of color, is made racially meaningful against a white European Christianity. That meaning-making and race-making is racecraft. While the Fields’ articulation that racecraft is akin to witchcraft concentrates on ideology, it is worth underscoring that both racecraft and witchcraft were practices not just ideologies. Hence, craft. Racecraft plays a part in hiding racism. … Rather than race as the cause for the segregation of Blacks in the South, the segregation itself is also part of the racecraft. As Barbara Fields suggests, race produces evidence of itself. The crop failure is the evidence of witchcraft. The segregation is the evidence of Blackness as a race. — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 322 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Facility siting laws evaluate each permit in isolation, enabling toxic clustering.; Expulsive zoning by biased officials set the neutral criteria later used to justify siting.; Industrial clustering creates a self-reinforcing cycle that masks underlying racism as market process. (+4 more)

Related

• Industrial clustering creates a self-reinforcing cycle that masks underlying racism as market process. (similarity 0.85)
• People easily generate race-neutral justifications for decisions actually driven by race (similarity 0.78)

Broader Connections

• People easily generate race-neutral justifications for decisions actually driven by race #expands (0.85) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 885
• Race-neutral justifications easily mask biased peremptory jury strikes #exemplifies (0.80)
• Racism creates races through practice, and the practice hides itself as its own evidence #corroborates (0.78) — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 322