Spanish Muslims practiced covert Islam for a century before expulsion

Evidence

The Muslims then left the places where they had lived, and went with their families to Fez, taking with them their transportable possessions but not their jewelry. From this time on the Muslims [who had remained behind in Spain], while putting on an external show of conversion to Christianity, in secret worshipped Allah, and performed their prayers. The Christians increased the persecution to which they subjected them, even burning people for that reason. Muslims were forbidden to carry short swords and other such weapons. They rose in revolt against the Christians and took to the mountains time after time, but God did not grant them victory, and finally the Christians expelled them in 1017/1609. — L. P. Harvey, Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614, 153

Categorization

• XREF: Covert religious practice under persecution echoes crypto-Judaism and the Marranos — a cross-faith parallel worth comparing.
• SEED: Article angle: how a conversion edict produces not belief but layered public/private worlds — ‘conversion of no avail’ as a recurring social phenomenon across faiths.