Socioeconomic and political Muslim underrepresentation poorly indicates Islamophobia

Evidence

Some behavioral effects of Islamophobia, like hate crimes and discrimination against Muslims, are typically tightly connected to underlying attitudes and emotions. Others, like a low percentage of Muslims in public office in some countries (see Abdulkader Sinno’s contribution) or significant socio-economic disparities between Muslims and non-Muslims, are much less direct indicators of Islamophobia as they may be largely explained by other causes. — Erik Bleich, Defining and Researching Islamophobia, 71

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to broader debates in inequality research about attributing group disparities to discrimination versus other structural causes.