Six Institute associates joined US war agencies by 1943

Evidence

In 1943 six more or less full associates of the Institute were in full-or part-time government service, and were in this way visibly contributing to the war effort: Neumann as deputy chief of the Central European Section of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), and consultant at the Board of Economic Warfare; Marcuse as senior analyst at the OSS; Kirchheimer and Gurland, also as members of staff at the OSS; Lowenthal as a consultant at the Office of War Information; and Pollock as consultant at the Department of Justice’s Anti-Trust Division. The only ones who were spared were Horkheimer and Adorno, the two principal theoreticians. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1253 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Neumann, who had no prospects of a university post in the short term from which he could have made a living, applied successfully some three months later for a post with the Board of Economic Warfare. In the late summer of 1941, William J. Donovan (Wild Bill'), who was building up the Office of the Coordinator of Information which later developed into the Office of Strategic Services, had approached the Institute with regard to employing Neumann and Horkheimer in their capacities as the greatest experts on Nazi journals and magazines. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States declared war on Japan, and Germany and Italy declared war on the United States. The USA thus became a nation at war, and a contribution to the war effort was expected from academics and intellectuals; many vacancies for academically qualified personnel opened up in Washington. With his appointment as chief consultant at the Board of Economic Warfare, Neumann was the first associate of the Institute to relieve it of a financial burden and to take up an activity which could be seen as a contribution by the Institute to the war effort. — <cite>Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1223</cite> (#qualifies`, via linked claim)

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim
• XREF: connects to: Most Frankfurt School associates joined US wartime intelligence agencies by 1943. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 1253; The USA’s entry into war created the academic employment openings that dispersed the Institute — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 1223

Broader Connections

• Most Frankfurt School associates joined US wartime intelligence agencies by 1943. #corroborates (0.95) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1253
• The USA’s entry into war created the academic employment openings that dispersed the Institute #qualifies (0.75) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1223