Reported identity-extremism effects include positive, negative, and null findings.

Evidence

Overview of all identity concepts examined in the reviewed studies and the amount of statistically significant positive (i.e. increasing, “+”), statistically significant negative (i.e. decreasing, “-”), and statistically non-sigificant (“0”) relations each was reported to have with violent extremist attitudes and beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. Effects in parentheses “()” indicate indirect or inter­ action effects with significant covariates (see Table 1). — Lea Echelmeyer, Anne-Marie Slotboom, and Frank Weerman, The Putative Effect of Identity on…, 196

Categorization

• XREF: The coding scheme itself is the tool for judging whether the identity-extremism link is as robust as narrative claims suggest.