Racism in science operates at three distinct levels of practice

Evidence

Three practices with racially discriminatory consequences initially seemed to justify an affirmative response to this question. From the beginning of the nineteenth century until well after World War II, sciences sought to divide and rank human groups, persistently “discovering” the natural inferiority of non-Europeans, as well as Jews, women, and other groups. Craniology was just one such now discredited comparative science: skin color, hair texture, and virtually every other body feature were carefully compared by the sciences. A second critical focus has been on racist misuses and abuses of the sciences, their applications and technologies, such as Nazi eugenics, the Tuskegee syphilis experiments, discriminatory testing and uses of reproductive technologies, and the environmental racism that disproportionately locates toxic industries and dumps in nonwhite neighborhoods and Third World societies. Finally, people of non-European descent have been disfavored in the social structure of European and US science through exclusion, marginalization, and restriction to lower-level jobs. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1553

Categorization

• DEFINE: Turns the vague charge of ‘racist science’ into three analytically separate practices: hierarchical ranking, misuse of applications, and exclusion from the institution itself.
• XREF: The three-level structure parallels the vault’s existing distinctions between racial ideology, institutional racism, and representational exclusion drawn from Omi-Winant material. — connects to: Race is the conceptual form through which the practice of racism operates; Racism functions as practices that ascribe and legitimate social positions; Racism operates through routine practices that reproduce hierarchical structures (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• Race is the conceptual form through which the practice of racism operates #expands (0.80)
• Racism operates through routine practices that reproduce hierarchical structures #corroborates (0.78)
• Racism operates through biological and cultural registers that reinforce each other #expands (0.75)
• Racism functions as practices that ascribe and legitimate social positions #expands (0.72)