Quantitative measures routinely use mathematics mismatched to their concept’s logic.

Evidence

There I show that almost everyone, which is a large number of people, conceptualizes democracy in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions, but at the same time almost no quantitative measures use the mathematics of logic appropriate to the concept. Instead the inappropriate mathematics of addition, average, and correlation are almost universally adopted (e.g., see table 1.1). — Gary Goertz, Social Science Concepts, 115

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies that almost all democracy indices formalize a necessary-and-sufficient concept with arithmetic rather than logical mathematics.