Summing indicators while the concept demands ANDs makes measure and concept inconsistent.

Evidence

The measure structure is a series of “+”s, while the conceptual theoretical structure is a series of ANDs. These are two radically different theoretical structures. This means that the concept-measure consistency of their enterprise is low. — Gary Goertz, Social Science Concepts, 675

Categorization

• XREF: Builds on the earlier democracy-concept discussion and counters the intuitive assumption that measurement transparently tracks the concept.