Private Islamophobia comprises vigilante violence by ordinary people against Muslims

Evidence

This massacre was a tragic manifestation of “private Islamophobia.” This dimension encompasses the slurs and bigotry, mob and vigilante violence inflicted on Muslims, or people mistaken to be Muslims, by private individuals and institutions. It is the front of Islamophobia carried forward by the people, who are ordered to “see something, say something,” and relentlessly, through propaganda and law, to do something. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 340

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines ‘private Islamophobia’ as bigotry and vigilante violence carried out by private individuals, distinct from the state-driven structural form.
• corroborated: 3 independent passages support this claim — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 340
• XREF: connects to: Van Gogh’s murder reinforced the stereotype of Islam’s inherently violent nature — Green, Todd H, The Fear of Islam_ An Introduction to…, 387; Structural Islamophobia triggered a second wave of private Islamophobia — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 291; Islamophobic state violence and private bigotry converge on undocumented Latinx Muslim converts — Khaled A. Beydoun, American Islamophobia_ Understanding…, 75 (+4 more)