Private-citizen surveillance of Muslims is gendered in its forms and justifications.

Evidence

Just like state surveillance, Muslim surveillance by private citizens is gendered. Muslim women and Muslim men are subjected to surveillance for different reasons. Muslim American women who wear the hijab have their nationalities contested in very public ways, while Muslim American men are questioned through interactions with private citizens at work, school, or social gatherings when their identity as Muslim is made known. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 247

Categorization

• XREF: Directly answers the reader’s guiding question on how surveillance lands differently on men vs. women.