Post-1964 racial discrimination persists in subtler forms as laws are overturned

Evidence

In 1964, the United States government admitted the nation continued to have a problem with race relations. Although slavery had officially ended nearly a century before, a deep racial divide remained between Black and White Americans. In an effort to improve intergroup relations, the government created Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. Title VII prohibited discriminatory practices toward applicants for employment based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Several other legislative acts have made discrimination illegal in different domains (e.g., school desegregation), and blatant acts of racism have diminished since 1964 (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1991; 1998). Yet these laws are being rapidly overturned and discrimination still remains, albeit in a subtler, more ambiguous form (Feagin & Sikes, 1994; Stephan & Stephan, 2000; Swim et al., 2001). — Nyla R. Branscombe and Bertjan Doosje (eds.), Collective Guilt, 422

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Civil-rights laws reduced blatant racism but left subtler discrimination intact; Racism persists covertly after formal prohibitions end — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1506; Racism persists even where formal segregation laws have been abolished (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Civil-rights laws reduced blatant racism but left subtler discrimination intact #expands (0.95)
• Racism persists covertly after formal prohibitions end #expands (0.90) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1506
• Racism persists but has shifted from blatant to unconscious subtle forms #expands (0.90) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 143
• Racism persists even where formal segregation laws have been abolished #expands (0.88)
• Post-Jim-Crow discrimination persisted through covenants, lending, and USDA seizures #exemplifies (0.85) — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 405
• Contemporary racial inequality persists without explicit racist laws or intentions #expands (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1907
• The Fair Housing Act outlawed discrimination but not its lingering effects #exemplifies (0.82)
• Racism persists in subtle paternalistic forms despite legal suppression of hostile expression #expands (0.82) — Cristian Tileagă, The Nature of Prejudice, 203
• Racial ordering persists by relocating from public law to private spheres #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 1845