Civil-rights laws reduced blatant racism but left subtler discrimination intact

Evidence

On the subject of racism, political psychologists are in general agreement that racism still exists, but it has changed forms. Although some, like Bobo (Reading 19), believe that older theories such as realistic conflict theory are capable of explaining current racial attitudes in the United States and Europe, most believe that racism has gone “underground” and requires new theories and methods. The most influential approaches to the “new racism” include modern racism theory (McConahay, 1986), symbolic racism theory (Sears, 1988), ambivalent racism theory (Katz & Hass, 1988), subtle racism theory (Pettigrew & Meertens, 1995), racial resentment theory (Kinder & Sanders, 1996), and aversive racism theory (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1986, 1998). While there are important differences among these theoretical perspectives, all assume that old-fashioned, blatant racism is no longer the potent determinant of racial and political attitudes that it once was. Rather, the claim is that old-fashioned racism has been supplanted by a more subtle, insidious form of racial prejudice that is not always accessible to conscious awareness (see also, Ayres, 2001; Devine, 1989; Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002). — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 143 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

A relevant argument can be that the complications we have identified are consistent over time - postapartheid is still oversensitive to mixed couples. There is consistency over situations - under apartheid any hotel could have openly refused to allow a woman of color in an upscale (white) hotel, today refusal is off limits, but personnel may still attempt to make one’s stay an unpleasant one. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1506 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Civil rights laws ended legal discrimination without repairing its accumulated harm. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project: A New American Origin…, 1362; Racism persists even where formal segregation laws have been abolished; Civil rights legislation reshaped but did not end black class stratification. — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 71 (+12 more)

Related

• The civil rights movement replaced overt racism with a subtler symbolic form (similarity 0.83)
• Racism persists but has shifted from blatant to unconscious subtle forms (similarity 0.82)
• Contemporary racial inequality persists without explicit racist laws or intentions (similarity 0.82)
• Racism persists covertly after formal prohibitions end (similarity 0.81)
• Successful anti-racist movements trigger renewed, subtler forms of racial exclusion, not elimination (similarity 0.80)
• Race quietly continues to structure membership even where racial talk is silenced. (similarity 0.80)
• Civil rights victories secured legal gains that coexist with deepened material inequality (similarity 0.79)
• Racism’s modes persist after being severed from their categories of meaning (similarity 0.79)
• Publicly condemning racism legitimates its unregulated private practice (similarity 0.79)
• Civil rights legislation reshaped but did not end black class stratification. (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• Racism persists but has shifted from blatant to unconscious subtle forms #corroborates (0.95) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 143
• Racism persists covertly after formal prohibitions end #corroborates (0.90) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1506
• Racism persists even where formal segregation laws have been abolished #corroborates (0.88)
• Civil rights laws ended legal discrimination without repairing its accumulated harm. #corroborates (0.85) — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1362
• The civil rights movement replaced overt racism with a subtler symbolic form #expands (0.85) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 2628
• Contemporary racial inequality persists without explicit racist laws or intentions #corroborates (0.85) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1907
• Eliminating slavery and legal segregation removed ideological underpinnings of categorical racism #contradicts (0.85)
• Civil rights legislation reshaped but did not end black class stratification. #complicates (0.80) — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 71
• American racism shifted from constitutionalized segregation to privatized preference-driven apartness #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 365
• Civil rights reform fortified structural racism rather than undermining it #complicates (0.78) — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 218
• The civil-rights era raised ethnic statuses without reordering the ethnic hierarchy #expands (0.78)
• Racism persists in post-race America precisely through arguments that affirm civil rights #expands (0.75)
• Race still delimits civil membership even when racial speech is silenced #expands (0.75) — David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race, 290