Political Islam’s challenge predates oil wealth by a full century.

Evidence

The challenge of political Islam stems from civilizational legacies, anticolonialism, anger and frustration about Western double standards, and cultural disaffection. Ever since the Nahda (the nineteenth-century awakening or Renaissance in the Arab world), Islam has been repeatedly held up as an alternative to Western hegemony, at times under the heading of Arab unity. Benjamin Barber captured this under the heading of fihad vs. McWorld (1996). — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 194

Categorization

• XREF: Invites cross-check against Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations thesis already in the reader’s wider library.