Physical, biological, and engineered systems share describable general properties

Evidence

A systems approach to studying a specific object means abstraction and modelling which is based on the finding that very many (if not all) objects in reality exhibit some general properties that can be described using systemic concepts. The target may be of a physical origin, a society of living beings, or a human-made technical artefact, and yet some general concepts may apply to all of them. — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 106

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines what a systems approach means in this framework — abstraction and modelling based on shared general properties across domains.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ville Pulkki, Matti Karjalainen, Communication Acoustics- An…, 106
• XREF: connects to: Human machines and organizations function as biological adaptations like teeth