Peremptory challenges cannot exclude jurors by race or gender.

Evidence

There are, however, legal limitations on the use of peremptory challenges. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the Constitution prohibits their use to exclude prospective jurors exclusively on the basis of race or gender. The number of peremptory challenges exercised is established by statute and varies by jurisdiction and the seriousness of the charges. Arkansas, for example, permits the prosecution 10 peremptory challenges and the defense 12 in capital cases, but only 6 and 8 in other felony cases, and 3 apiece in misdemeanor cases. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 832

Categorization

• XREF: The constitutional limit on race/gender exclusion connects to Batson v. Kentucky doctrine, a core equal-protection/14th-Amendment application studied in the course. — connects to: Peremptory challenges remain the main mechanism excluding minority jurors — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 881; Prosecutorial data systems cannot measure defendants’ race or ethnicity reliably — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 616; Courts demand proof of discriminatory intent, not mere racial imbalance, in jury challenges — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 836 (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Race-neutral justifications easily mask biased peremptory jury strikes #complicates (0.93)
• Courts demand proof of discriminatory intent, not mere racial imbalance, in jury challenges #qualifies (0.90) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 836
• Courts rarely reject race-neutral excuses for juror strikes #complicates (0.90) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 888
• Peremptory challenges remain the main mechanism excluding minority jurors #complicates (0.88) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 881
• Peremptory challenges let attorneys remove jurors without giving reasons #expands (0.82) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 831
• Voir dire filters biased jurors through unlimited for-cause challenges judged by the court #qualifies (0.80) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 830
• Refusing to count by race masks ongoing structural racial restriction #complicates (0.78)
• Intent-to-discriminate requirements block Muslim equal protection claims #expands (0.78)
• Prosecutorial data systems cannot measure defendants’ race or ethnicity reliably #qualifies (0.72) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 616